RoBERTa Base OpenAI Detector

Table of Contents

• Model Details
• Uses
• Risks, Limitations and Biases
• Training
• Evaluation
• Environmental Impact
• Technical Specifications
• Citation Information
• Model Card Authors
• How To Get Started With the Model

Model Details

Model Description:ai分析软件 RoBERTa base OpenAI Detector is the GPT-2 output detector model, obtained by fine-tuning a RoBERTa base model with the outputs of the 1.5B-parameter GPT-2 model. The model can be used to predict if text was generated by a GPT-2 model. This model was released by OpenAI at the same time as OpenAI released the weights of the largest GPT-2 model, the 1.5B parameter version.

• Developed by:人工智能ai哪个好 OpenAI, see GitHub Repo and associated paper for full author list
• Model Type:百度aiapp Fine-tuned transformer-based language model
• Language(s):即梦al English
• License:百度ai智能云 MIT
• Related Models:ai分析软件 RoBERTa base, GPT-XL (1.5B parameter version), GPT-Large (the 774M parameter version), GPT-Medium (the 355M parameter version) and GPT-2 (the 124M parameter version)
• Resources for more information:元宝大模型
  • Research Paper (see, in particular, the section beginning on page 12 about Automated ML-based detection).
  • GitHub Repo
  • OpenAI Blog Post
  • Explore the detector model here

Uses

Direct Use

The model is a classifier that can be used to detect text generated by GPT-2 models. However, it is strongly suggested not to use it as a ChatGPT detector for the purposes of making grave allegations of academic misconduct against undergraduates and others, as this model might give inaccurate results in the case of ChatGPT-generated input.ai是什么东西?

Downstream Use

The model’s developers have stated that they developed and released the model to help with research related to synthetic text generation, so the model could potentially be used for downstream tasks related to synthetic text generation. See the associated paper for further discussion.百度ai智能云

Misuse and Out-of-scope Use

The model should not be used to intentionally create hostile or alienating environments for people. In addition, the model developers discuss the risk of adversaries using the model to better evade detection in their associated paper, suggesting that using the model for evading detection or for supporting efforts to evade detection would be a misuse of the model.有戏ai

Risks, Limitations and Biases

CONTENT WARNING: Readers should be aware this section may contain content that is disturbing, offensive, and can propagate historical and current stereotypes.grok中文版下载

Users (both direct and downstream) should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the model.ai软件哪个比较好

Risks and Limitations

In their associated paper, the model developers discuss the risk that the model may be used by bad actors to develop capabilities for evading detection, though one purpose of releasing the model is to help improve detection research.ai是什么东西?

In a related blog post, the model developers also discuss the limitations of automated methods for detecting synthetic text and the need to pair automated detection tools with other, non-automated approaches. They write:百度aiapp

We conducted in-house detection research and developed a detection model that has detection rates of ~95% for detecting 1.5B GPT-2-generated text. We believe this is not high enough accuracy for standalone detection and needs to be paired with metadata-based approaches, human judgment, and public education to be more effective.ai软件哪个比较好

The model developers also report finding that classifying content from larger models is more difficult, suggesting that detection with automated tools like this model will be increasingly difficult as model sizes increase. The authors find that training detector models on the outputs of larger models can improve accuracy and robustness.ai分析软件

Bias

Significant research has explored bias and fairness issues with language models (see, e.g., Sheng et al. (2021) and Bender et al. (2021)). Predictions generated by RoBERTa base and GPT-2 1.5B (which this model is built/fine-tuned on) can include disturbing and harmful stereotypes across protected classes; identity characteristics; and sensitive, social, and occupational groups (see the RoBERTa base and GPT-2 XL model cards for more information). The developers of this model discuss these issues further in their paper.元宝大模型

Training

Training Data

The model is a sequence classifier based on RoBERTa base (see the RoBERTa base model card for more details on the RoBERTa base training data) and then fine-tuned using the outputs of the 1.5B GPT-2 model (available here).百度流畅ai制作

Training Procedure

The model developers write that:al一键脱装入口

We based a sequence classifier on RoBERTaBASE (125 million parameters) and fine-tuned it to classify the outputs from the 1.5B GPT-2 model versus WebText, the dataset we used to train the GPT-2 model.百度流畅ai制作

They later state:即梦下载官方

To develop a robust detector model that can accurately classify generated texts regardless of the sampling method, we performed an analysis of the model’s transfer performance.百度流畅ai制作

See the associated paper for further details on the training procedure.免费的ai工具

Evaluation

The following evaluation information is extracted from the associated paper.百度aiapp

Testing Data, Factors and Metrics

The model is intended to be used for detecting text generated by GPT-2 models, so the model developers test the model on text datasets, measuring accuracy by:有戏ai

testing 510-token test examples comprised of 5,000 samples from the WebText dataset and 5,000 samples generated by a GPT-2 model, which were not used during the training.即梦下载官方

Results

The model developers find:快问ai

Our classifier is able to detect 1.5 billion parameter GPT-2-generated text with approximately 95% accuracy…The model’s accuracy depends on sampling methods used when generating outputs, like temperature, Top-K, and nucleus sampling (Holtzman et al., 2019. Nucleus sampling outputs proved most difficult to correctly classify, but a detector trained using nucleus sampling transfers well across other sampling methods. As seen in Figure 1 [in the paper], we found consistently high accuracy when trained on nucleus sampling.al一键脱装入口

See the associated paper, Figure 1 (on page 14) and Figure 2 (on page 16) for full results.元宝大模型

Environmental Impact

Carbon emissions can be estimated using the Machine Learning Impact calculator presented in Lacoste et al. (2019).ima是什么软件

• Hardware Type:快问ai Unknown
• Hours used:免费的ai工具 Unknown
• Cloud Provider:al一键脱装入口 Unknown
• Compute Region:制作ai的软件 Unknown
• Carbon Emitted:百度ai智能云 Unknown

Technical Specifications

The model developers write that:al一键脱装入口

See the associated paper for further details on the modeling architecture and training details.做al视频怎么赚钱

Citation Information

@article{solaiman2019release,
  title={Release strategies and the social impacts of language models},
  author={Solaiman, Irene and Brundage, Miles and Clark, Jack and Askell, Amanda and Herbert-Voss, Ariel and Wu, Jeff and Radford, Alec and Krueger, Gretchen and Kim, Jong Wook and Kreps, Sarah and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.09203},
  year={2019}
}

APA:即梦al

• Solaiman, I., Brundage, M., Clark, J., Askell, A., Herbert-Voss, A., Wu, J., … & Wang, J. (2019). Release strategies and the social impacts of language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.09203.

Model Card Authors

This model card was written by the team at Hugging Face.快问ai

How to Get Started with the Model

This model can be instantiated and run with a Transformers pipeline:有戏ai

from transformers import pipeline
pipe = pipeline("text-classificationai分析软件", model="roberta-base-openai-detector")
print(pipe("Hello world! Is this content AI-generated?"))  # [{'label': 'Real', 'score': 0.8036582469940186}]